Hafnium
72
Hf
Groep
4
Periode
6
Blok
d
Protrone
Elektrone
Neutrone
72
72
106
Algemene Eienskappe
Atoom Nommer
72
Atoommassa
178,49
Massa Nommer
178
Kategorie
Oorgangsmetale
Kleur
Grys
Radioaktief
Nee
From Hafinia, the Latin name for Copenhagen
Kristalstruktuur
Eenvoudige seshoekige
Geskiendenis
In 1911, Georges Urbain claimed to have found the element in rare-earth residues which was shown later to be a mixture of already discovered lanthanides.
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy found it by X-ray spectroscopic analysis in Norwegian zircon in 1922.
Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hendrik de Boer were the first to prepare metallic hafnium by passing hafnium tetra-iodide vapor over a heated tungsten filament in 1924.
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy found it by X-ray spectroscopic analysis in Norwegian zircon in 1922.
Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hendrik de Boer were the first to prepare metallic hafnium by passing hafnium tetra-iodide vapor over a heated tungsten filament in 1924.
Elektrone per skil
2, 8, 18, 32, 10, 2
Elektronkonfigurasie
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
In powdered form, hafnium is pyrophoric and can ignite spontaneously in air
Fisiese Eienskappe
Fase
Soliede
Digtheid
13,31 g/cm3
Smeltpunt
2506,15 K | 2233 °C | 4051,4 °F
Kookpunt
4876,15 K | 4603 °C | 8317,4 °F
Heat of Fusion
25,5 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization
630 kJ/mol
Spesifieke Hitte Kapasiteit
0,144 J/g·K
Oorvloed in die aardkors
0,00033%
Oorvloed in die heelal
7×10-8%
CAS Nommer
7440-58-6
PubChem CID Nommer
23986
Atomiese Eienskappe
Atoom radius
159 pm
Kovalente Radius
175 pm
Elektronegatiewiteit
1,3 (Pauling scale)
Ionisasie potensiaal
6,8251 eV
Atoom volume
13,6 cm3/mol
Termiese geleidingsvermoë
0,23 W/cm·K
Oksidasiestate
2, 3, 4
Toepassings
Hafnium oxide-based compounds are being introduced into silicon-based chips to produce smaller, more energy efficient and performance packed processors.
Most of the hafnium produced is used in the production of control rods for nuclear reactors.
Hafnium is also used in photographic flash bulbs, light bulb filaments, and in electronic equipment as cathodes and capacitors.
Most of the hafnium produced is used in the production of control rods for nuclear reactors.
Hafnium is also used in photographic flash bulbs, light bulb filaments, and in electronic equipment as cathodes and capacitors.
Hafnium is considered to be non-toxic
Isotope
Stabiele Isotope
176Hf, 177Hf, 178Hf, 179Hf, 180HfOnstabiele Isotope
153Hf, 154Hf, 155Hf, 156Hf, 157Hf, 158Hf, 159Hf, 160Hf, 161Hf, 162Hf, 163Hf, 164Hf, 165Hf, 166Hf, 167Hf, 168Hf, 169Hf, 170Hf, 171Hf, 172Hf, 173Hf, 174Hf, 175Hf, 181Hf, 182Hf, 183Hf, 184Hf, 185Hf, 186Hf, 187Hf, 188Hf